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For example, time series variation in real housing costs are important in affecting Housing Benefit entitlement, and the variation in real school lunch and milk prices determine the market value of child nutrition entitlements.
There is no reform to Housing Benefit, and identification relies on variation in real housing costs over time and across regions because the Housing Benefit formula was typically just up-rated with inflation.
Portfolio analyses revealed that actual site energy use intensity (EUI) of the study buildings varied by a factor of as much as 11, indicating significant variation in real energy use in HPBs worldwide.
Hence, cross-sectional variation in unobserved prices is likely dominated by non-tax factors and any temporal variation in real tax rates is largely due to general inflation [40].
This suggests that it might be difficult to accommodate in a statistically sound manner actual amounts of rate variation in real data with these maximum likelihood methods.
Five datasets were used to examine levels of rate variation in real phylogenies and compare the results of strict and relaxed clock analyses.
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A fundamental challenge to face computation is posed by the endless variation in real-life lower-level features.
With the wide variation in real-world use, evaluating the whole practice best assesses overall benefits and risks.
While it is recognised that the number of levels for each attribute falls short of capturing the full range of variation in real-world programs, the much larger sample size that would have been required to estimate main effects for a model with four or more levels on each of eight attributes was not feasible.
Future studies should address the effects of mood variation "in more dramatic, real-life situations," he says.
MWD's with minimum and maximum breadths are compared to those that might be formed by temperature variations in real reactors.
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