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Intended effort accounted for 11.7% of the variation in proficiency.
The variation in proficiency as shown in Table 6 increases substantially after KF.
Indeed, ideal L2 self accounted for nearly 43% of the variation in proficiency.
Anxiety was shown to be related to proficiency, yet only 3% of the variation in proficiency was explained by anxiety.
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An approach to the estimation of possible different sources of variation found in proficiency testing experiments is described.
The L2 motivational self system was found to account for 65.6% of the variation in perceived proficiency.
Naturally, there will always be variation in attained proficiencies at the individual level, as no two human beings can develop language first, second, or heritage in the same way, at the same rate, or in the same context.
This is especially true in light of concerns that variations in defining proficiency allow states to manipulate standards to facilitate meeting AYP and to avoid sanctions (Kingsbury et al., 2003; Aspen Institute, 2006).
Such polymorphisms have not yet been identified, but in a study of CYP1A2 phenotypes from Australia, China, Japan, Italy, and the United States, Kadlubar (1994) found a wide variation in the metabolic proficiency for CYP1A2 within each country.
Given the diverse educational backgrounds and prior work experience of entering students, some variation in students' level of proficiency can be expected.
There is a large variation in the average levels of proficiency of literacy and numeracy across countries.
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