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Is geographic variation in expenditures really just about the cost of living in different regions?
The clinical services model explained 51% of the variation in expenditures per adjusted discharge, while the hotel and administrative services models explained 24%and26%6% respectively.
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The research undertaken at the University of York examined natural variation in expenditure across the NHS and natural variation in mortality outcomes to estimate these implied values.
The yearly variation in expenditure between 2003 and 2007 was related to a parallel variation in LHAs' indicators of activity concerning both hospital and primary and community care (Table 4).
Education of the head of household was used as a surrogate marker for socioeconomic status, as previous research from Hai had shown that this was a key determinant in explaining the between-household variation in expenditure (Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project Team, 2003).
The reasons for the variations in expenditure are not clear.
All data were measured over an annual period to minimise biases that might result from seasonal variations in expenditure, visits or inpatient days.
These geographical variations in expenditure on temporary nursing staff were also found in the 2006 report of the National Audit Office in England (18) and a more recent newspaper investigation on NHS expenditure on temporary nursing staff (36).
The DCG measure explained the most variation in total expenditures (5.6%), and a model that included DCG and diabetes complication measures explained modestly more expenditure variation (adjusted R = 5.8%).
Our objectives are to determine the extent and sources of geographic variation in Medicare expenditures per patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) per year.
However, the amount of variation in total expenditures explained by any measure never exceeded 6% and for most was <4%.
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