Compared with vibration isolators or absorbers with constant stiffness elements, the use of a variable stiffness element can adapt to the variation in disturbance frequency or load.
Despite dramatic variation in disturbance intensity and site-level environmental metrics, we did not find distinct herpetofaunal assemblages among aquatic system types or stand age classes.
As with STW, we report SAW-mean and SAW-max values that are normalized within angiosperms to have mean 0 and variance 1. SAW-mean and SAW-max have similar interpretations, but the exact values depend on geographic variation in disturbance history (both natural and anthropogenic).
At some of the scales studied, indices appear to reflect natural variations in disturbance through currents rather than variation in anthropogenic effects.
This paper uses prediction error identification to distinguish control-relevant system changes in closed-loop operation from variations in disturbance characteristics.
The differences could be attributed to variations in disturbance levels, microclimate and edaphic factors as well as observed transitions in land use and cover in the region over the last three decades (Egeru et al. 2014).
Further, understanding how forest structure and composition respond to variation in past disturbances may provide insight into future resilience to climate-driven alterations of disturbance regimes.
The relative effects of anthropogenic disturbance must be distinguished from the ranges of variation in natural disturbance regimes, but because of the large size and variability of coastal ecosystems, manipulative experiments to untangle the complexities of the varying disturbance regimes are difficult except on a relatively small scale.
Even though district-level variables explain more than 70percentt of the variation in forest disturbance in our econometric model, we find that regional-level effects remain statistically significant.
In Brazil, fire shapes the structure and composition of cerrado savannas, and the impact of fire on vegetation dynamics is well explored, but the drivers of variation in fire disturbance across landscapes and over time are still poorly understood.
