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Measurement errors and other sources of random non-genetic variation comprise the residual term, the effects of which are often assumed to be normally distributed with zero mean and common variance.
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The second variation comprised of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) as the top layer with gadolinium zirconate as the intermediate layer and YSZ as the base layer.
The first variation comprised of yttria as the top ceramic layer with gadolinium zirconate (GZ) as the intermediate layer and YSZ as the base layer.
The flux variation comprises the temporal and convective contributions d{varPsi}_1/dt=partial {varPsi}_1/partial t+left({displaystyle overrightarrow{V}}nabla right){varPsi}_1approx partial {varPsi}_1/partial t+left({V}_x/lright){varPsi}_1 (10)where l is the effective length of the tail.
This variation comprises two anatomical novelties: (i) dead end sacs, and (ii) clockwise coils.
There is no intraspecific variation in any of the species, while interspecific variation comprises 0 0.4% (p-distances, see also Table S2).
While the chaffinch has a marked geographical variation comprising several subspecies (7 in the coelebs group), no subspecies has so far been recognized in the brambling [27], [28].
That latitudinal variation comprises the majority of the geographical variance may not be surprising, given the distribution of sampling locations from as far as 15.7°N to 34°S (Table S1), and the variety of habitats occurring within this range.
Motivation: Copy number variation (CNV), a major contributor to human genetic variation, comprises ≥ 1 kb genomic deletions and insertions.
Biological variation comprises both differences within a single person (termed intraindividual) and between two or more people (termed interindividual).
Total variation comprises the within- and between-subject variation, with the former further subdivided into analytic variation, arising from measurement error and true biological variation.
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