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Belaynehe, K. M. et al. Emergence of mcr-1 and mcr-3 variants coding for plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from food- producing animals in South Korea.
We finally tested whether protein genotypes are typically stable over long evolutionary times by investigating the diversity of nucleotide variants coding for a single protein sequence.
A second gene may have produced another five different alleles or splice variants coding for shorter (5.6- to 6.1-kDa) peptides [ 137], but it is more likely that these derive from two closely related genes.
After several rounds of selection with increasing levels of inhibition pressure, gene variants coding for polymerases with improved tolerance to plant inhibitors were exponentially enriched over variants with no advantage.
We note that assignment of the founder genotype by eBURST does not take into account the number of allele variants coding for it, nor its genotype frequency across isolates.
Mapping the exact location of the substitutions within the reading frame showed that five of the changes are synonymous substitutions while three of the substitutions represent missense substitutions resulting in allelic variants coding for different amino acids.
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For example, 2nd intronic Alu-exonized C-terminal variants code for functional isoforms, which were determined as new members of the reference protein (Liu et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2007; Yi et al., 2003).
A possible reason for its rarity is that TAA-based variants code for stop codons have a direct effect on protein synthesis [ 54].
We determined RARβ1 expression and combined expression of RARβ2 and 5, as the last two variants code for the same protein.
While natural selection acts on both types, crop breeding targets primarily small variants, as their inheritance patterns are better understood and therefore, more efficiently manipulated, and because small variants code for single functional changes (amino acid and protein changes).
Although natural selection acts on both types of variants, crop breeding efforts primarily target minor variants such as SNPs, because their inheritance patterns are better understood and, therefore, more efficiently manipulated, and because minor variants code for single potential changes in amino acids that may or may not result in a functional change in the coded protein.
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