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In the absence of selection, cultural diversity reaches equilibrium when the rate that new variants are introduced via copying errors matches the rate at which unique variants are lost to drift.
The actual rate of cumulative culture change is less than μ because of "back innovations" and the fact that many variants are lost to the sampling effects associated with randomly choosing teachers within groups.
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During the acquisition of the katG isoniazid resistance causing mutation all of these heterogeneous variants were lost from the population.
Whereas these tumor-specific mutations were conserved in the patient's lymph node- and liver metastases, the heterozygous sequence variants were lost in metastases derived cell lines (H-STS and L-STS), indicating a lack of selective pressure to maintain the mutations (probability of < 0.1% for the random loss of 10/10 mutations) during in vitro-cultivation.
It seems plausible, therefore, that during the original screening process the higher efficiency second-generation nitroTyr-RS variants were lost due to selection criteria that maintained unnecessarily stringent fidelity in the absence of nitroTyr, leaving behind only nitroTyr-RSs with strict fidelity but poor efficiency.
The other three models, M rr, M vv and M vr, respectively, represent cases where 1) there are no variants in both sample; 2) a germline mutation is present (in both samples); and 3) a form of loss of heterozygosity takes place, in which case a germline variant is lost in the tumor sample.
We interpret this as evidence that copy-number variants form and are lost at high rates.
In this case, the variants introduced via copying errors are lost immediately so long as copying errors are not commonplace (μ<0.5).
In the presence of variant alleles the restriction sites are lost in both polymorphisms and 1(b)).
BiFC with the 35 Drosophila TFs shows that only five interactions are lost when using this short variant of HoxE.
These variants are related by those symmetry operations which belong to the B2 matrix but are lost in the precipitate phase.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com