A possible explanation for this fascinating example of convergent adaptation within our species is that mutation rates to adaptive alleles might be high enough to allow novel adaptive mutations to arise in distinct geographic regions before any single variant spreads globally (Coop et al. 2009).
Various realistic assumptions are included into the system such as: continuous-time waveform-transmitted signal and time-variant spreading and an asynchronous multi-code CDMA system with ISI over frequency-selective channels.
Next, for a time-variant spreading CDMA system, the approach based on the asymptotic properties of a Toeplitz form [23], which is crucial for the capacity analysis with ISI channel [12, 24], cannot be employed since the variation of spreading sequence destroys the Toeplitz structure of the equivalent channel matrix.
Richard Gaywood, a programmer and developer, watched the variants spread: "Other versions were hacked around by users to have all sorts of other effects, such as porn site redirects, rainbow text in their tweets, and so forth.
A total of 87 somatic variants, spread across 16 genes, were uncovered by this study.
There are 7 serotypes with a large number of variants spread over several regions in the world [ 1, 2].
Rapid advances in technology have enabled hundreds of thousands of variants spread across the genome to be genotyped in large numbers of individuals.
Our findings also raise several questions on how the new variants spread so rapidly and what biological differences might have mediated the epidemic trend.
An earlier study has shown the utility of combining information from both platforms and although they show high concordance, each platform alone failed to detect a significant number of exonic variants spread over 1,676 genes [ 9].
However, the compiled data including our variants spread over the β-domain indicate that not only reduced FAD binding, but also the structural and functional characteristics of the β-domain itself account for the protein destabilization observed.
This finding and the size identity of small BAP ORFs in MDR-TJ and ACICU strains, both support the notion that allelic BAP-negative variants, spread by horizontal gene transfer, may be common in the bacterial population.
