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The power of any particular experimental design can be enhanced by increasing sample size, increasing acceptable Type I error risk, and, in analysis of variance, specifying planned means comparisons.
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Mean of this Gaussian function locates a component in time, and the variance specifies the duration of each component.
As a result, each eigenvector corresponds to a mode of variation of human motion, and its corresponding eigenvalue λ j is related to the variance specified by the eigenvector.
Where "error" is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean of zero and a variance specified for each method.
The intra-community correlation coefficient as implied by the intercept component variance, specified that 18% of the variation in CSA could be attributed to the community level factors.
We assumed that before selection, the distribution of phenotypic values in the ith cohort,, is normal with mean and variance specified by and, respectively.
Finally, strict clock models generally assign a single rate to the entire tree from a lognormal distribution with a mean and variance specified from a gamma or other distribution.
The numbers of parameters of the spurious correlation model and the reciprocal causation model are both four twoo path coefficients and two residual variances) when specifying models using only second-order moments.
By choosing multilevel regression instead of multiple regression we are able to deal with the violation of the assumption of independence of observations (students nested in groups, multiple responses of a part of the students) and with deviations from the classical assumption of homogeneity of variances (by specifying random effects).
For instance, Kizilkaya and Tempelman (2005) showed improved precision in estimated sire genetic merit for a birth weight trait when residual variance was specified as a function of sex and herds, finding that estimates of residual variances differed by as much as 20 times across herds.
The distribution function and variance are specified according to assumptions that the modeler makes about the residual process and measurement error.
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