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Finally, based on the time-domain explicit expressions for both dynamic response and its sensitivity, an efficient time-domain approach is proposed to calculate the sensitivity of variance responses of a structure subjected to non-stationary random excitations.
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The process mean and variance response functions are then fitted based on the sample mean and variance obtained at each design point.
An example of the variance response to the presence of a target is shown in Figure 7.
Here, the ARCH parameter denoted by β measures the reaction of conditional volatility to market shocks (i.e., it measures the variance response in exchange rate returns against appreciation or depreciation).
Descriptions of the instruction sessions by respondents were consistent across the different institutions so that, even with institutional variances, responses could be categorized and quantified.
Outcome scores are inattention (failure to respond), commission (responding to non target), response time (time to respond to target), response time variability (variance in response times) and d' prime (measure of response sensitivity).
However, the unconditional mean square response based designed may have larger variance of responses due to uncertainty in system parameters and the overall system performance may be sensitive.
This suggests a higher degree of phenotypic and genetic variance for responses to oral infection, as compared to the more 'hard-wired' responses to pricking infection.
The variance of responses over trials showed no correlation with participant age (r = –0.07, p = 0.78).
More importantly, I believe the variance of responses reflects the vastly differing opinions that exist today about how best to deliver healthcare.
A variance in responses between focal areas suggests that we expand such studies to determine the relative importance of different factors in determining species richness.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com