Sentence examples for variance of survival from inspiring English sources

Since sample variance of survival estimates (i.e. σ2, a measure of error variation and covariance in φi) was likely high due to the low number of individuals marked and resighted, we estimated only process variance (using MARK software [42]) to introduce it in simulations as a more reliable measure of environmental stochasticity.

However, it has been shown that increased variation in resighting rate inflates the variance of survival estimates rather than their means [ 48].

The mean and variance of survival during the exposure and postexposure periods differed substantially (because of their different durations), making it difficult to visually evaluate the magnitude of atrazine effects across life stages.

In the computation of the standard error of relative survival it is commonly assumed that the variance of expected survival is zero (which implies that the covariance with absolute survival is also zero), as the database underlying the population life tables is usually very large.

Within age groups used for age-standardisation random variation of the age distribution and, hence, variance of expected survival and covariance of absolute and expected survival is smaller.

The variance of relative survival is a function of the absolute and expected survival as well as the variance of absolute survival and expected survival and the covariance between absolute and expected survival (see Appendix).

Using E(S) and V(S) to denote the expectation and variance of the survival estimate, the CV of the estimated number of surviving ear-notched dogs approaches an asymptotic value of as the summation tends to n/ 1- S).

If the assumption of zero variance of expected survival does not hold, however (for reasons discussed below), then the variance of relative survival may be over- or underestimated, depending, among other factors, on the relative magnitude of the variance of expected survival and the covariance of absolute and expected survival (see Appendix ).

Confidence intervals (CI) and or standard errors were calculated and the heterogeneity variance of the survival rates was estimated.

Brenner and Hakulinen (2005) empirically assessed the validity of the commonly used standard error definition (ignoring variance of expected survival) using data from the nationwide Finnish Cancer Registry.

Therefore, the variance of relative survival is conventionally computed using the Greenwood formula by: The bias introduced by using the Greenwood formula is given by: The relative bias is given by.