Second, we discussed the temperature distribution under steady state of the integrated gas sensor array according to the variances of material properties and the array's structure.
In the modeling of spatial variances of material properties, the graded finite element method is employed to conduct the heat transfer analysis and structural analysis and their sensitivity analysis.
The input statistics (mean and variance) of the material property are assumed to be known as a priori.
Variance of the material delay time is determined from the following relation: Var T 6 ik = max Var T 4 nk × 1 – F 1 nk + T 6 ik 2 × 1 – F 1 nk × F 1 nk Open image in new window (3.17).
Despite the paramount importance of microstructure to the field a rigorous systematic framework for the description of structural variance between samples of materials with the same processing history and between different materials classes has yet to be adopted.
To evaluate the filtration performance, the authors measured the ratio of material decomposition variance with and without filtration.Simulation results show that the ideal filter material depends on the object composition and thickness, and ranges across the lanthanide series, with higher atomic number filters being preferred for more attenuating objects.
Increasing values of material imperfection variances and the rising excitation frequency can lead to a critical state when the length of the propagating wave is comparable with the correlation length of imperfections.
More detailed information, such as limit of detection, coefficients of variance, and reference material are thoroughly described in Wennberg et al. [ 5].
Synthetic bone test specimens are often used in favour of cadaveric specimens, because of their low variance in material properties and availability (when compared to cadaveric specimens), and for the uncontaminated and clean test environment that they provide.
The two methods both identified the dominant feature of the data, a reduction in the variance of pH over Chalk parent material, and also identified less pronounced effects of other parent material contrasts.
