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However, the model also provides for the possibility that there will be variance in the outcome at the state level, independent of the national trend.
The reduced model accounts for a high percentage of the variance in the outcome with an R2 of.766.
The error term rij indicates the variance in the outcome variable on a per trial basis, and u0j on a per person basis.
The model, as a set, was statistically reliable [χ2 5,n=48)=14.2, p<0.01] and explained 35% of variance in the outcome; perceived barriers remained an independently significant predictor.
In a first step, an intercept-only model without covariates was estimated to disentangle the level-specific variance components (model 1).8 Based on these results we calculated the intraclass correlation (ICC) ρ, defined as the share of variance in the outcome variable at the context levels relative to the total variance.
The adjusted model was highly significant (p<0.001) but explained only 3.5% of the variance in the outcome measures.
To employ PLS is to maximise the covariance between the outcome and new composites, so it is justifiable to use the increments in the explained variance in the outcome (e.g. changes in R2) as a criterion for selecting PLS components.
PLS components are ordered according to the amount of variance in the outcome that is explained by them, i.e. the first PLS component has greater covariance with the outcome than the second PLS component, and the second has greater covariance than the third, etc.
In making this assumption, we assumed that unexplained variance in the outcome variables could be correlated and the variables in question jointly influenced by other unknown factors, and so allowed for such constraints within the model by using more conservative criteria.
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The multivariate model also supported SCP theory; as the presence of SCP factors increased, so did the likelihood of an unsuccessful attack and the full model accounted for 41.5% of the variance in the outcome variable.
Of the 15 trait EI facets, five did not explain unique variance in the outcome-based composites in any sample and, thus, do not appear in the final regression models.
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