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Studying humans in vivo gives a larger variance in study data due to limitations of standardization as well as the genomic variability compared to animal and in vitro studies.
Let Y s be the observed effect and V s is the corresponding sampling variance in study s.
First, I is more interpretable than Q; specifically, I estimates the proportion of the variance in study estimates that is due to heterogeneity.
Potential weaknesses are the rather broad inclusion criteria and expected heterogeneity in the patients' use of medications, both of which may increase the variance in study measures.
12 However, the exact role of NLR in patients with RCC is not consistent in different studies due to the variance in study design, sample size and other factors.
Some of the inconsistencies in the evidence base surrounding the relationship between HRV and depression may be explained by variance in study design, assessment techniques and/or markers of autonomic functions used across studies [ 37].
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In addition, there is evidence that neuropsychological measures might increase the explained variance in studies predicting antisocial status.
The I statistic indicated that 53.5% of the total variance in study-level estimates of this effect was due to statistical heterogeneity (substantial heterogeneity).
The I statistic from the random-effects model shows that 90.1% of the total variance in study-level estimates of this effect was due to statistical heterogeneity (considerable heterogeneity).
Second, we estimated random-effects models to identify the collections of study-level covariates that best explained the between-studies component of the variance in study-level estimates of effect size.
The I statistic shows that 58.4% of the total variance in study-level estimates of this effect was due to statistical heterogeneity (variation in true effect sizes across studies) rather than sampling error (chance).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com