The parametric form of the null distribution that we assume, and to which we fit null distribution test statistics to, is inspired by (Greven, 2007; Greven et al., 2008), who reported that a mixture of and, where is the scaling parameter for the scaled chi-square distribution, yielded good type I control when testing a variance component in a single-component LMM.
The basicranium in Primates was the only highly-integrated module showing lower disparity, which was also reflected in analyses of landmark variance from a single Procrustes superimposition, in both Primates and Carnivora.
Although, it is clearly critical to know the variance within a single activated felt in order to make a fair comparison among different types of felt, this has been overlooked in previous such studies.
In this paper, the variance of a single GNSS observation is modelled as the function of the elevation angle ( {beta}_A^j ) of the line of sight from station A to satellite j and the a priori receiver noise ( {sigma}_{90^{circ}}^2 ) at station's zenith (Takasu 2013): {sigma}_{A,j}^2={sigma}_{90^{circ}}^2left[1.0+frac{1.0}{ sin {left {beta}_A^jright)}^2}right].
In our model, the variance of a single factor was 18.36% indicating there is no common method bias.
Current results show two correlated but divergent factors, here characterized as physical (independent living, relationships, pain and senses) and psychological (mental health and coping) factors, provide a better explanation of the model variance than a single global QoL factor in our community sample.
The robustness of the same haploid gene deletion strains to stochastic perturbation is quantified using the variance of morphological phenotypes in a single environment [32] quantified with the metric of Levy and Siegal.
The system itself is kept constant in the simulation, only the genomic variance of a single gene is increased.
As in Hill(2013), we derive the sampling variance for a single family of size n.
