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Repeatability is defined as the proportion of variance associated with differences between individuals [83].
Moreover, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the proportion of variance associated with differences in cost amongst hospitals by hospital level.
To increase power and decrease the error variance associated with differences among doctors, a within-subjects experimental design was used.
Variance associated with differences in male age was removed by including age in initial models of accessory gland (F1,377 = 345.54, p < 0.001) and testis length (F1,378 = 38.18, p < 0.001).
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Biological variances associated with differences within groups are not included in these p-values.
p-values < 0.05 indicate the statistically significant variances associated with differences within triplicates for that particular comparison.
The model also included variance components, r0 representing variation associated with differences between individuals within practices, u00 representing variation associated with differences between practices and e representing random (measurement) error.
Most INOT studies employ cross-sectional designs despite the enhanced statistical power and reduction in error variance associated with individual differences characteristic of within-subject designs.
We used a within-subjects design allowing reduction in error variance associated with individual differences.
Another potential criticism is that our measures of maths knowledge (in Experiment 1) and maths achievement (in Experiment 2) did not capture all the variance associated with individual differences in mathematical abilities, and thus, it is still possible that the link between maths anxiety and the CRT is in fact fully mediated by mathematical abilities.
To estimate the proportion of variance associated with common genetic differences (in what are called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) we used a new genetic statistics procedure invented by Professor Visscher and his colleagues in Brisbane, called GCTA.
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