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All these variables were coded as (1, 0).
The central values of all variables were coded as zero.
For statistical calculation the independent variables were coded as follows: {x}_i = left({X}_i-{X}_{mathrm{o}}right)/delta {X}_i (1).
Variables were coded as follows: Doxic aspirations was coded 1 if the student answered university or higher education on the question "what level of education would you like to reach before you start working", while Habituated aspirations was coded 1 if the student answered that it was very likely that she would attain this level.
The terms body size and geographic range were log-transformed, and all other variables were coded as categorical factors.
For each species the experts were asked whether the sexes presented differences in coloration or shape (independently of size dimorphism); both variables were coded as dichotomous reflecting presence or absence of sexual differences.
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Both these variables are coded as dummy variables in the empirical analysis.
These selected variables are coded as either active (1) or inactive (0) for each lesson phase.
A customized genetic algorithm, namely, a hierarchical genetic algorithm (HGA), is applied to solve the modular redundancy allocation optimization problems, in which the design variables are coded as hierarchical genotypes.
The patient response variables are coded as correct if the manual and automatically generated values are identical.
The dichotomized variables were then combined such that a score of 1 on both variables was coded as (1) and the other alternative combinations were coded as (0).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com