However, at the end, the primitive variables under which the real system must operate, should be determined.
Their defining characteristics are a focus on summarising data, and an assumption that the concepts (or variables) under which those data are to be summarised are largely secure and well specified.
For example, the evolution of genes involved in the terpenoid pathway and the relative composition of acyl sugar were suggested to be related to geographic and climatic variables under which populations of Solanum habrochaites are found [ 20, 21].
This owes partly to the application of purely statistical definitions of confounding (e.g., the criterion of "substantial magnitude change" of the effect estimate when controlling for a third variable), under which both causal mediation and selection bias will often meet the definition of a confounder (Hernan et al. 2002), blurring the distinctions among these distinct causal structures.
These measures have been validated against medically certified sickness absence records, indicating variable under-reporting, which, however, is less pronounced for severe and disabling diseases such as those studied here.
In parallel, ministers are developing plans for variable charging, under which households might receive council tax discounts or surcharges, depending on the effort that they make to recycle or, even better, reuse.
PAGE B15 Arts OSCAR RULES FOR BEST PICTURE CHANGE YET AGAIN Delivering yet another jolt to an Oscar system that has been shaken in recent years by shifting rules and dates, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences said it would now change to a variable system under which the number of best picture nominees can range from 5 to 10 in any year.
LOS ANGELES — Delivering yet another jolt to an Oscar system that has been shaken in recent years by shifting rules and dates, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences says it will now change to a variable system under which the number of best picture nominees can range from 5 to 10 in any year.
Although it is possible that women with a history of symptomatic infection might have been more likely to participate, we have no reason to believe that women differentially participated by both symptomatic history and other variables under study which would have biased our results.
Then, the vehicle coordination is achieved by a path variable containment approach, under which the path variables are evenly dispersed between two virtual leaders.
Importantly, the subgroup analyses according to contextual variables revealed conditions under which the use of NPs would not be predicted to lead to reductions in waiting times.
