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To control for the effect of group (neck or control group), trapezius muscle activity during rest, heart rate variability, and accommodation response, the variables group, logEMGrest 3-min average, HRVfix 1-min averages, and accommodation response 7-min average were included as covariates in the GEE model.
The optimization variables are separated into three groups: (1) design variables group; to be decided before field development, representing the choice of configuration and equipment, (2) control variables group; these determine the operation of the oil field and (3) design future variables group, applicable at later stages such as infill drilling.
The methodology proposes to hierarchically order variables, group them according to their nature and importance and combine different optimization procedures with practical engineering analysis.
For continuous variables, group comparisons were made with Student's t test or the Mann–Whitney when distributions were not normal or the variances were unequal.
HLM assesses the effects of level 2 variables (group level variables) both on the intercept and on the slopes of level 1 (individual) predictors.
An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used as an approach to data analysis to determine whether attitude variables group together on significant factors.
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Figure 10 Future teacher-level data, scatterplot of variables MCK and MPCK, both variables group-mean centered.
Figure 2 Example TIMSS 2007, Grade 8, Romania: Mathematics achievement scores and index on attitudes towards mathematics, both variables group-mean centered.
Figure 7 Future teacher-level data, scatterplot of variables MPCK and opportunities to learn index "School Experiences," both variables group-mean centered.
The model assigns numerical values to 42 landscape variables grouped into physical, aesthetic and psychological attributes.
The technique of the original variables grouping uses as decisive factor the correlation observed between them.
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