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The implied instrumental variables estimates suggest a ten-percentage-point decrease in health insurance coverage increases WC bills by 15.3percentt.
Instrumental variables estimates indicate that following a negative income shock of one percentage point, democracy scores improve by around 4 5 percentage points on average.
5 The instrumental variables estimates therefore identify an average wage effect of inflows of immigrants who would not have migrated absent existing enclaves, insofar as these immigrants impact labor markets differently than others.
7 and 8 include the lagged value of the dependent variables, estimates can be biased (and since we are using panel data, this bias does not vanish as the time dimension of our dataset increases).
Their most conservative instrumental variables estimates indicate that substituting a graded for a full-time absence certificate reduces the length of the absence spell by as much as 80 90 fulltime-equivalent days and also reduces social insurance claims the next two years – in terms of, e.g., new sickness or disability benefits – by around 80 85 days.
Instrumental variables estimates indicate a reduction of 54% in catastrophic expenditures at the national level.
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Popularised in the late 1970s, Lucas's critique of his contemporaries pointed out that it can be very misleading to take as given the relationships between different variables estimated from past data when trying to predict the effect of a major change in policy.
The observer premise variables depend on the state variables estimated by the fuzzy observer.
However, in some cases the environmental variables estimated from mammals are biassed by local influences.
Fig. 1 Diagnostic values for sepsis of clinical variables estimated by receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis.
Table 8 Regression analysis clustered by group for individual contribution predicting students' learning outcomes Dependent variables Estimate S.E.
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