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For all the cephalometric variables, difference between the independent repeated measurements of each individual before/after treatment was recorded.
This r-modified scheme is of the second order of accuracy in t and in space variables difference schemes for the approximate solution of problems.
Then, we use the benefit forecast model obtained through the MC model (Lyle & Wang, 2015) to construct independent variables difference and obtain the vision interpretation model.
Here, reading is taken three times for each month after every 10 days, and finally, the average of the three readings is taken as measured value of the data for both the variables (difference in efficiencies and thicknesses of dust collected on the module) for that particular month.
For categorical variables, difference between groups (1 and 2) was evaluated by χ2 test or Fischer's exact test.
For dichotomous grouping variables, difference in means was assessed using the Student t test and difference in proportion using the χ test or Fisher exact test.
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We then discuss in detail a number of econometric techniques aimed at addressing endogeneity problems, including instrumental variables, difference-in-differences estimators, regression discontinuity design, matching methods, panel data methods, and higher order moments estimators.
For categorical variables, differences between groups were compared by using the chi-square test.
Categorical variables' differences were analyzed by Fisher's exact test in case of dichotomous variables, otherwise by Chi-Square test.
Among other variables, differences of learning styles may be influenced by language, culture, educational department and gender.
Regarding continuous variables, differences between the two study groups (CM vs. EM) were tested with Student's t-test for unpaired groups.
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