There were no significantly different demographic variables between populations of the 24 astrocyte lines used in microarray (Table S1).
These traits are consistent with the opposing strategies of fire resistance and fire evasion and can be interpreted as evolutionary adaptations to fire, but their development and coexistence are highly variable between populations, thus invalidating the classification of maritime pine in a general fire regime category.
We demonstrate here for the first time that dispersal is as variable between populations of a species as it is between species within a phylogenetically complex group.
Similar to number of teats, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by dominance effects for backfat was variable between populations with estimates of 0.102 in the Landrace, 0.146 in the Large White, and 0.064 in the Pietrain population.
And as nutritional status is especially variable between populations (Fig. 3), cross-cultural differences in energetic stress should have clear effects on interpopulation variation in testosterone levels (Ellison et al. 2002).
This is especially important since common variants are highly variable between populations and thus regional databases will play a key role in interpreting variants for research and clinical purposes.
The PBY effect appears to be highly variable between populations, and it is possible that this represents sensitivity to past differences in the environment, for instance in exposure to industrial pollution or malnutrition.
Ischnura elegans data from other sympatric regions in the Iberian Peninsula now shows that the substantial variation in female morph frequencies between different populations in north-western Spain is not unique to this region; also in other parts of Iberia morph frequencies are drastically variable between populations (androchrome: 3.3-70.8%; infuscans: 6.7-72.9%; infuscans-obsoleta: 3.0-76.7%).
Although not significant, SNP loadings also evidenced principal component 3 to be exclusively driven by a region of chromosome 8 (7.2-12Mb) where a common inversion is known to occur [ 33, 34], whereas Eigenvectors 4-7 were driven by the HLA-A locus in the 6q21.2-21.3 regiof of chromosome 6, which has been also described as highly variable between populations [ 35].
Regression slopes from these pairwise analyses, predicted values of the dependent variable, within- and between-population variances in the dependent variable, and standard errors were all estimated by jack-knifing over populations (Methods S6).
