Solar modulated primary particles rescaled for Mars conditions are transported through the Martian atmosphere, with temporal properties modeled with variable timescales, down to the surface, with altitude and backscattering patterns taken into account.
It is recognised that challenges across biological scales can drive evolution over variable timescales (e.g. Peck, 2011), and adaptive traits appear to define the limits of species distributions and to affect demographic dynamics significantly (Carnicer et al., 2012).
As a first step, it is helpful to rescale the variables so that the important timescales can be explicitly identified and used to group variables into timescale classes that are different from the voltage and calcium compartment groupings, which are based on coupling structure and biology.
This Langevin equation is the ssLNA: it is an effective stochastic description of the intrinsic noise in the slow variables in timescale separation conditions.
ASCA observations of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7582 revealed that it was highly variable on the timescale of ∼ 2×104 s in the hard X-ray band (2 10 keV), while the soft X-ray (0.5-2 keV) flux remained constant.
We suggest that the temporal properties of neuropeptide signaling are likely to be complex and that the INS-1 (OE) might have predicted effects on short timescales (a few seconds), but variable effects on longer timescales (hours to days).
Attained age was considered as timescale (categorical variable, 1-year intervals).
Patients may die at any point in the trajectory, and the timescale is variable within specific cancers as well as between different cancers.
Radiative energy from the Sun is variable at very small timescales, owing to solar storms and other disturbances, but variations in solar activity, particularly the frequency of sunspots, are also documented at decadal to millennial timescales and probably occur at longer timescales as well.
Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable at several different timescales: hourly, daily, or seasonally.
TE methylation dynamics during reproduction appear to be an important driver of imprinted gene expression, yet the epigenetic modification of TEs and their presence or absence in genomes can be variable on short evolutionary timescales.
