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Additionally, there were cross-lagged dependent variable (spillover) effects for the third order lag.
Assuming the same average number of escapes over time, pulsed and highly variable spillover have a smaller demographic, fitness, and recovery effect on average than constant spillover (Fig. 3, first and second columns).
For variable spillover, in each generation the proportion of escapees is a random number drawn from the binomial distribution according to p t ∼ Binom X, p c )/ X, where the number of Bernoulli trails X determines the variance in escapees.
This somewhat surprising result, which suggests a greater impact of constant low-level leakage than rare, large pulses of spillover, arises when strong selection rapidly purges maladapted individuals from highly variable spillover (Box 1; in line with the empirical observations of genetic recovery after an individual escape event in Crozier 2000).
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The second spillover variable is the percentage of the county population without health insuranced.
Then, for the default life cycle ordering (reproduction – escape – density dependence – density-independent survival – selection), we explore the effect of constant, variable, or pulsed spillover.
For stochastic simulations with variable or pulsed spillover, we run the model for double the time and present the 1st, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 99th percentiles of the distribution of each metric for the second half of 50 independent simulations to capture the full distribution at quasi-equilibrium.
Indeed, our spillover variables (national pure spillovers, national rent spillovers and imports of machine tools), which were supposed to match the theoretical notion of spillovers used in these theoretical models have a positive but not a significant role when explaining R&D co-operation.
The paper examines the relationships between these variables, including assessing spillover effects between home and workplace environmental behaviour via a quantitative survey methodology, within the hospitality industry in Iran.
Additionally, the effects contain variable pure and spatial spillover impacts, also conditional on type and location, the separation of which highlights aspects not commonly accounted for.
We include weaker results, significant at the 10% level or better, for the managed care spillover effects variable because of the policy importance of this effect, which reflects the degree of Medicare managed care spillover effects on FFS Medicare beneficiaries.
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