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We assume such global random variable represent the average variability for each embryo.
Surfaces with a gradient parallel and equally spaced to the vector of the environmental variable represent a linear relationship between ordination and the environmental variable (represented by a bubbleplot).
Factor loadings of each observed variable represent the association between this indicator and the underlying construct.
Similarly, factors such as technology outages, user burden, and poor understanding of proper assessment schedules (e.g., fixed vs. variable) represent new challenges to the integration of mobile methods into alcohol research.
For clarity in terminology and because the introduced variable represent a genuinely special circumstance (please see Appendix 2.2), the term "included variable" or "included covariate" is reserved for the variables included in both models.
This level of invariance may be especially crucial to insure the validity of longitudinal analyses with a lagged dependent variable because the coefficients associated with this type of variable represent the relationship between a dependent variable and its value at the previous wave, which is akin to longitudinal stability.
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R A variable representing the mutation frequency above background.
μ A variable representing the background mutation frequency of the tissue.
Accompanying the array is another variable, representing the two most-significant address bits for the partner array.
It is easy to check, for example, whether two models agree that a variable represents an integer value.
In a study with one independent variable, each variant of this variable represents a treatment.
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