A common goal of sample surveys is to measure a latent variable proficiency, an aptitude, an attitude, or the like and then relate that latent variable to other characteristics of the respondents.
(GP informant: 14) Therefore, informants identified that variable proficiency in reading English would make accessing translated materials challenging, and would be likely to require a family member to mediate.
Since the variable "language proficiency" is not available in all years, we include a dummy variable for good language proficiency only in specification (6).
The dependent variable, reading proficiency, was assessed using the Informal Reading Inventory and the Gray Standardized Oral Reading Test.
Examples of such an analysis are: comparing survey total estimates with census totals, comparison of responding rates by demographic characteristics, and correlation analysis of weighting adjustment variables with proficiency measures (outcome variables).
Rutkowski ([2011]) carried out a simulation study to explore the impact of missing values on background variables on proficiency estimates when missing values on background variables were dummy coded, focusing on the estimation of differences in group means.
Only coefficients for dummy variables for proficiency levels three and above are significantly different from zero, while wage returns for individuals scoring at levels zero, one, and two are indistinguishable.
In the third model, we added the possible explanatory variables language proficiency, health literacy, education and religion.
There was evidence for a bilingual cognitive advantage, although this effect was sensitive to a number of variables including proficiency, language immersion, and script.
Above all, the results highlight that the bilingual advantage is elusive, and sensitive to a number of variables including proficiency, language immersion, and script.
