Similarly, in the model for depressive symptoms, the regression coefficient of the medium-SES variable lies approximately between −2.838 and 0.788, whereas the regression coefficient of the highest-SES variable lies approximately between −4.852 and -0.086.
In the model for self-rated health, the regression coefficient of the medium-SES variable lies approximately between −0.745 and −0.023, whereas the regression coefficient of the highest-SES variable lies approximately between −1.278 and −0.020.
The canonical θ-neuron model is described by a phase variable lying on a one-dimensional circle in the range θ E ∈ [ − π, π ), a spike is produced when θ E = π.
Although latent trait models have received some criticism because the underlying trait variable lies on an arbitrary, uninterpretable scale [1], other authors have shown how estimated parameters are related to familiar summary statistics such as sensitivity, specificity and predictive values [27], [29].
We predefined the range of equivalence between both arms of the trial as any difference between both groups in this variable lying within 10% of the maximum score (± 1.6 points).
When considering a disease phenotype, it is convenient to suppose an underlying liability model (Supplementary Fig. 4); this assumes that case/control status is determined according to whether or not an individual's liability, an unobservable, normally distributed random variable, lies above or below a threshold (Falconer and Mackay, 1996).
The percentage of referral to hospital will not be taken into account since many other confounding variables lay behind this variable in a study of these characteristics.
A fault detection and isolation (FDI) unit verifies that suitable residual variables lie inside pre-computed sets and selects the estimate that matches the current plant behaviour.
The theory of Banach spaces is extremely important as a framework for studying partial differential equations, which can be viewed as algebraic equations whose variables lie in a suitable Banach space.
If the graph of a Lyapunov invariant is in some sense bowl shaped, then the task is to find a Lyapunov invariant such that the initial values of the program's variables lie in the basin of the bowl, and all of the danger zones lie farther up the bowl's walls.
