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As in many creativity studies coefficient alpha is calculated using the raters as variable items.
Variable items utilized a five-point Likert scale to measure the constructs.
It must be noted that across categories the r2 varies significantly (e.g., for the independent variable items, between 0.00 and 0.75), although this might depend on the variable sample size.
Table 2 Instruments to measure economic competencies Variable Items Reliability Source Knowledge and skills 111 0.75 Internal development (Schumann and Eberle 2014) Interest 3 0.77 Eberle et al. (2009); Prenzel et al. (1996) Intrinsic motivation 4 0.82 Eberle et al. (2009); Prenzel et al. (1996) Value-oriented disposition 9 0.76 Eberle et al. (2009) Attitude 14 0.90 Beck (1993).
Missing data caused by skipped independent variable items at baseline varied from 0.8%to6.5%5%.
Among the variable items, personnel accounted for the highest costs (32%) next to the drug costs (18%).
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Table 2 Parameters estimates for TAM Latent variable Item Estimate Std.
In the current study, instead of a categorical grouping variable, item position will be used as a continuous, explanatory variable to predict whether there is any relationship between item difficulty and the varying positions of the items on the test.
Governmental expenditure is not normally constant (as Samuelson's model suggests) but certainly is a variable item fully controlled from the government taking into account the past experience and also the future targets for the national economy.
Simulation studies for the related techniques of regression analysis indicate that a minimum of 10 to 15 observations per variable (item) are needed to obtain stable estimates.
Following the common assumption that the ratio of subjects per variable (item) is central for factor analysis, in both study periods we were able to satisfy the minimum of five participants-per-item ratio recommended by Kass and Tinsley [ 32].
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