In a gauge theory there is a group of transformations of the field variables (gauge transformations) that leaves the basic physics of the quantum field unchanged.
At the country-level, we estimate a system of two equations, one for each of the country-level variables gauging imbalanced polarization and mismatch, respectively.
At the macroeconomic level, we estimate a system of two equations, one for each of the country-level variables gauging polarization and mismatch, respectively.
In addition, we use a different variable to gauge health of participants, i.e. the use of prescription medication.
We adopt two variables to gauge returnee managers: (1) Returnee (0/1), a dummy variable which equals 1 if firm i has at least one manager who has a previous study or work experience overseas in year t and 0 otherwise.
Using advanced analytics, the team routinely runs thousands of scenarios involving hundreds of variables to gauge the probable effects of different ad strategies under a range of complex circumstances.
Generally, I agree that wage rates are an important variable for gauging the relative importance of supply and demand (see, for example, my analysis of labor supply during the summer season, which featured hourly wage rates as one of three key indicators).
For the same reason of data limitation, children's socioeconomic status was assessed by children's educational level and the International Socioeconomic Index (ISEI) to measure occupation.7 Since we sought to use these two variables to gauge the status of all children, including those not coresiding, the coding process was also rather complicated.
Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution, oxygen transport variables were gauged according to standard formulas using samples from peripheral arterial and mixed venous blood from pulmonary artery.
