Productivity is assessed by examining the relationship between five variables (expenditures, manpower, municipal police effort, technological innovations, and police reform) and nine crime categories under each output indicator (rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, property crime, violent crime, and overall crime).
Various specifications of the dependent variable (pharmaceutical expenditure) were used: total pharmaceutical expenditure, Per capita district pharmaceutical expenditure, pharmaceutical expenditure per district health facility and pharmaceutical expenditure per outpatient department visit.
The second variable indicates expenditure on fringe benefits for hired workers.
The model has an untransformed dependent variable, but expenditure is included as a natural log.
Household-level variables included an income-related variable (household expenditure); social position characteristics (indigenous heritage and head of household's education); and household-specific structural factors (size of the household and sex of the head of the household).
Many reform processes are led by the economic national authorities, and are focused on public budget reduction, on changing the relative weight of fixed and variable government expenditure, and on producing better services with the same (or fewer) resources.
The variable 'health expenditure' as percentage of GDP was included as a way to take into account the health system capacity, but it was consistently found to be not significant.
Therefore, although we ended up with smooth distribution of SES quintiles, future studies should ensure that they collect data on many continuous variables other than expenditure variables that can be used to solve the problems of clumping and truncation of the SES index.
It can be seen that most of Chinese researchers have applied a mix of variables, including monetary variables (fixed asset, expenditure, revenue), volume variables (actual number of open beds, number of employees), and ratio variables (bed occupation rate, number of stays in hospitals, etc).
Anthropometric variables, energy expenditure, heart rate, blood pressure, food intake (dietary record), and appetite sensation markers were measured at each testing session, and two questionnaires [Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)] were administered.
