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The likelihood-based method used in this study compares several diversification models with a constant diversification rate (RC-models) with variable diversification rate models (RV-models) [ 42].
Fourth, we used Rabosky's LASER software [ 55] in R to determine whether the observed pattern of diversification through time fits best to a simple model of a constant diversification rate or to complex models with variable diversification rates.
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The observed value for Calisto is significantly higher than this threshold (ΔAICRC = 13), favouring a rate-variable diversification model.
We then tested the fit of two rate-constant [ 41] and four rate-variable diversification models [ 43] to our dataset.
Diversification parameters were computed using the best-fitting model among two rate-constant (Yule 1-rate and birth-death model) [ 131, 136] and three rate-variable diversification models (Yule 2-rate, diversity dependent linear, diversity dependent exponential) [ 35].
Within a given regime, evolutionary dynamics can involve time-variable diversification rates; in BAMM, the speciation rate is allowed to vary exponentially through time while extinction is maintained constant [ 86].
And it takes into account a head-spinning variety of variables, including diversification, leverage and volatility, that make up the kind of market risk that traders and firms face every day.
Latitude and tropical vs. temperate ranges are the most commonly reported habitat variables affecting diversification and rates of substitution [ 4, 22].
These life history variables, which are correlated with body size [ 58, 59], have also been suggested as candidate variables influencing net diversification in mammals [ 60- 63].
After contact had been established between patients and our research team, we constructed the sample according to our diversification variables.
Rabosky [ 42] distinguished rate-variable models of diversification from rate-constant models by fitting BD models using likelihood methods.
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