These indexes were all based on two-dimensional (2D) radiographs, such as OPG, occlusal, periapical, and lateral cephalograms, which are all characterized by the reduction of the examined volume into flat images, with a variable distortion of real dimensions and with different possible patient positioning errors, further affecting image quality and trustworthiness [ 6– 8].
Other major identified minerals include mica comprising up to 13% and showing variable amounts of distortion and grain breaking (Fig. 4e).
The header data of the video bit-stream is particularly important to the quality of the decoded video, and we set a limit to the distortion variable for header information loss resulting from corrupting influences in the video content.
In relation to the PEP distortion variables, it is possible to recognize that the widest range of scores were of joy and fear, with a balanced distribution of distortions for both presence and absence of the emotion.
This is a consequence of the variable and unpredictable distortions produced by tissue sectioning and staining and attempts to overcome this through choice of embedding medium, the inclusion of fiduciary markers or by computation have had only limited success [ 4 10,11,12 17].
On ultrasound, it presents as a poorly circumscribed, round or lobular zone, inducing architectural distortion with variable echogenicity, more often hypoechoic, sometimes associated with posterior attenuation (Fig. 12).
Similar to consolidations, interstitial abnormalities increase signal intensity presenting with curvilinear bands, nodules and reticulations, which can be associated to a variable degree of parenchymal distortion [50, 79, 80].
However, the degree of distortion was variable and formed two peaks in a frequency distribution of Gentrain scores.
Due to this distortion, this variable was adapted by taking into consideration the total number of technicians, auxiliaries and nursery attendants per attended patients.
Thus, the signal distortion is variable for the different components of EPs, depending on the location of the involved source in relation to the skull defect (Flemming et al. 2005).
Five coefficients of the step function are used as the design variables to minimize the distortion.
