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Issues unique to children in pulmonary drug delivery include their lower tidal volume, highly variable breathing patterns, air leaks from facemasks, and the off-label or unlicensed use of pharmaceutical products due to lack of clinical data for this age group.
The authors ascribe these effects to the maintenance of spontaneous breathing, upper airway liberation, and variable breathing pattern.
In addition, a more variable breathing pattern is associated with better pulmonary function in animal models of lung injury [ 47- 51].
Compared with PSV, PAV+ and NAVA favored a more variable breathing pattern as indicated by the significantly higher coefficient of variation of tidal volume (VT).
The main proposed advantages of ATC over PSV are reduced work of breathing as patient demand varies, preservation of a normal, variable breathing pattern, and improved synchrony.
Dynamic compliance recovered in the NIV-NAVA group, perhaps because they were permitted to adopt a spontaneous and variable breathing pattern, which allowed recruitment of the lung both on inspiration and expiration.
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The clinical presentation of thoracic emergencies can be variable but breathing difficulties of all kinds are the most common: stridor, cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, tachypnoea, nasal flaring and intercostal retractions.
Also, we wanted to evaluate the short-term effects of the five ventilators on physiologic variables, namely, breathing patterns and inspiratory muscles.
Finally, 4% of the variance of the FC scale was explained by the variable food-induced breathing difficulties, i.e. this kind of food reaction in the child predicted higher family HRQL concerning the family's ability to get along (Table 6).
Figure 8 Changes in arterial blood gas variables during spontaneous breathing.
Breathing variables of E18.5 P60 animals were measured non-invasively in unanaesthetized, unrestrained animals using whole-body barometric plethysmography (Chatonnet et al., 2007).
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