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Second, and more importantly, we generalize the model to include a multilevel structure (i.e., students within countries) and include an external variable (achievement) so as to simultaneously study the covariance structure of the attitudinal scales, achievement, and ERS both within and between countries.
This implies that the removal of the independent variable "collaborative learning" and the dependent variable "achievement" neither changed the squared multiple correlations nor the beta weights.
Therefore we looked for a more parsimonious model (model 3, see Figure 3) without the factor "(did the tutor stimulate) collaborative learning" and without the dependent variable "achievement".
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We tested an alternative model in which we omitted the variable achievement-related classroom behaviors.
See footnote 14 for an explanation on how the variables Achievement, Curriculum, Essay, Recommendation and Qualities were constructed.
Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the independent contribution of the following variables: achievement of CR, type of treatment (CHOP vs MACOP-B/VACOP-B) and IPI score (low/low-intermediate vs high-intermediate/high).
Problem familiarity had a relatively stronger direct effect on the output variables achievement-related classroom behaviors and academic achievement.
Data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY) provided scores on basic skills, algebra, geometry, and quantitative literacy as indicators of the latent variable mathematics achievement, and scores on biology, physics, and environmental science as indicators of the latent variable science achievement.
As a director, he was variable in achievement yet steadfast in ambition.
Table 2 Description of the items included in the analyses Variable Information/question/statement Source Reading achievement Pupils' test result on the PIRLS 2001 test.
The analyses were performed for girls and boys separately, and the dependent variable, academic achievement, was dichotomized into high and low grades.
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