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GPs were selected using purposive sampling [ 17], with consideration given to geographical location, size of the clinics, age and gender of the GP to ensure variability of participants.
In summary, the results from experiment two demonstrate differences in the mean and variability of participants' verbal response times both within and between each of the three language tasks.
If the study diversity is ignored (e.g., variability of participants, quality of data, potential for underlying biases), the increased statistical power might be lost and the meta-analysis results could be misleading.
As expected, the Task × Session × Group interaction was also significant (F2,57 = 11.16, P < 0.001), and was due to the variability of participants' responses on the subtraction task decreasing more after cathodal (403 vs. 273 msec), but less so after anodal (418 vs. 398 msec) or sham (396 vs. 368 msec), stimulation (see Fig. 6).
The variability of participants' mean verbal response times across Block, Task and Session and averaged by Group are plotted in Fig. 8, and shows how response variability was influenced by Task (F2,114 = 325.93, P < 0.001), such that response latencies were more variable during verb generation (0.17 s) than during noun (0.04 s) and verb (0.05 s) reading tasks.
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It illustrates the general wide variability of participant responses to the different questions; variations in responses for question 15, for example, ranged from 5%to90%0%.
On the other hand, within-fixation variability of participant 11 (shown in Fig. 1) for respectively the left and right eye are 31.5 °/s and 32.0 °/s in the x-direction and 37.8 °/s and 42.0 °/s in the y-direction, which is about three times those of participant 71.
First, the use of school catchment areas, which are defined by the municipality, reduces the variability of environmental variables of participants, for example, by calculating average values of these variables in oftentimes large areas.
For instance in Fig. 4, the within-fixation variabilities of participant 5 (plots at the top of Fig. 4) are 2.10° and 2.00° in, respectively, the horizontal and vertical direction, while for participant 21 (plots at the bottom of Fig. 4) these values are.95° and 1.12°, respectively.
A single subject research design (SSRD) was used in this study because of the difficulty in recruiting and maintaining an adequate sample size and the variability of the participants' health [ 27- 31].
In their study, Kappers, Koenderink, and Lichtenegger (1994) found that the shape and curvedness of object surfaces had significant effects upon the variability of the participants' judgments across repeated trials.
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