"Of course you see the strong influence of the European vanguard in these paintings, but the museum demonstrates what a rich re-creation Latin American artists made mixing European Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism and abstractionism with pre-Colombian Indian and colonial motifs to create something new".
Theatre Union saw itself as the vanguard of theory; its productions were influenced by Vsevolod Meyerhold, the Stanislavsky disciple who was the first director of post-revolutionary Soviet drama until Stalin purged him.
But his film "Band of Outsiders" ("Bande à Part"), though never a big popular success, cast a spell over susceptible audiences and critics when it was released in 1964 ("Godard's most delicately charming film," wrote Pauline Kael) and has since influenced a generation of vanguard filmmakers.
The chef, Dante Liporace, who had worked with Ferran Adrià at El Bulli, is one of the new generation of Argentine chefs influenced by Spain and its vanguard cuisine.
And so the French, whether at home or through their influence abroad, are once again the vanguard of extreme nationalist thought.
Abstract painters, meanwhile, aspired to the ranks of the European vanguard, as seen here in Burgoyne Diller's Mondrian-influenced gouache, taking cues from Cubism, Constructivism, and Surrealism.
These efforts countered the persona of the humble, oblivious naïf by detailing his assured single-mindedness and tracked the extensive influence his work exerted on several generations of vanguard artists, starting with Picasso and including Léger, Beckmann and the Surrealists.
But there is a paradox here: for all the wealth and the influence the Saudis wield, they have never been in the vanguard of the peacemakers.
His views are painted as a vanguard but ultimately inconsequential Continental counter to Descartes and as a slight influence on Locke's more 'mature' empiricism.
Aflaq was influenced by Marxism in that he saw the need for a vanguard party to rule the Arab Nation for an indefinite period of time (the period would be a transition from the old to the new).
