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F-values were approximated using Wilk's lambda and effect strengths by the use of partial eta squared.

The p-value is approximated using the asymptotic behavior of (complete and incomplete) Gamma functions for large degrees of freedom, M = 9999.

The Spearman p-value was approximated using a two-sided Student's t-test.

Chromosome-wide and genome-wide critical threshold values for QTL detection were approximated using Piepho's method.

Archetype maps were approximated using multiple regression approach.

In the previous direction-independent model, the value function was approximated using the Fast Marching Method (FMM).

We consider an oracle model in which the values of the characteristic polynomials are approximated using the evaluations of the corresponding Boolean functions.

For this calculation, the Forster radius of A488 and Cy3 was approximated using the value for A488, and Alexafluor 555 (70 nm) given on the Invitrogen website, which has an almost identical excitation spectrum to Cy3.

Calculation of the Ki values at A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R was approximated using the Cheng-Prusoff equation: Ki = IC50/[1 + (C/KD ], where IC50 is the concentration of compound that displaces the binding of the radioligand by 50%, C is the concentration of radioligand, and KD is the dissociation constant of each radioligand.

Although Ω is hard to explore in a sequential fashion, not having a simple interior, it is easy to enumerate a large set of elements of Ω, from which (hat {boldsymbol {pi }}) can be approximated using the maximum value from the set.

The width of the (symmetric) background EC score distribution can be approximated using the absolute value of the minimal inter-EC score.