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This would also have the effect of biasing our support values upwards, since we may have recognized some between-species splits that are not real.
Heterogeneity is introduced in the simulations by shifting individual trial experimental and control mean values upwards or downwards.
Finally, our statistical model biases the inferred clustering scores downwards and the inferred p values upwards, as it does not account for the gaps between potential HGT candidates induced by excluded genes.
Our study suggests that this requirement will clearly bias adherence values upwards, both by excluding the least adherent patients and by building in a minimum level of adherence in those who can be assessed.
A TKappa statistic of 1 would indicate perfect agreement; values upwards of 0.6 typically indicate good agreement [ 20]. he Kappa statistic for agreement beyond chance between the urban rural dichotomy and a dichotomized version of the urbanicity scale was 0.76 (Expected agreement: 49.8%, observed agreement: 88.1%; p < 0.0001).
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WeWork, the international co-working startup valued upwards of $16 billion as of March 2016, announced in January that it has begun to convert some of its spaces into fully furnished, flexible apartments.
This algorithm adjusts P-values upwards to discount the effects of multiple testing.
When including days supply in their study, Wilensky and associates [ 27] adjusted this value upwards to control for a likely underestimation bias by multiplying by a variable factor of 2.1 for bimatoprost and 2.0 for latanoprost and travoprost.
The intermediate choice is based on simulations inside and outside N10 and uses both the simulations and the fitted distributions to adjust the critical value upwards as either may be underestimates.
Result shows that the option values shift upwards with increasing electricity prices.
Numbers indicate Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients, ρ, with P values (rounded upwards) within parenthesis.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com