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Simulation based optimisation techniques, namely a PSO algorithm coupled to a dynamic energy simulation engine, are used to perform a fully automated search aimed at finding the optimal values of the envelope features.
After obtaining and estimating these values of the envelope and the envelope displacement and its spatial derivatives by the least squares method (Eq. 4), we estimated the gradiometry parameters in the same manner as for the waveforms in the application of seismic gradiometry to the long-period band.
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Enterprise value is a quick, back-of-the-envelope calculation of the minimum price it would cost to take over a company.
Although Leffel wouldn't go into details, a back-of-the-envelope calculation puts the value of goods bought and sold over Yardsellr is in the tens of thousands of dollars to low hundreds of thousands of dollars.
The first approach was solving the peak values of the envelopes of the time waveforms from the time domain simulations.
Site amplification correction with smoothed frequency characteristics (Figs. 11b, 13) might not reproduce the peak value of the envelope in the target station.
Figure 1 shows the value of the envelope correlation (see (4)) between a live-shifted range profile and its associated reference profile as a function of the shift.
In the context of this paper, a maximum value of the envelope correlation is indicative of an optimum alignment between the (m+1 th reference profile rm +1(n) and the shifted range profile pm +1(n−τ m +1).
We also compute the median value of the envelope function with duration of 1 hour before the Wenchuan P arrival, and use 9 times the median absolute deviation (MAD) as an amplitude threshold.
The IMF should satisfy two conditions: (1) the number of local extrema and that of zero crossings can differ by one at most for the whole data, and (2) the mean value of the envelope defined by the local maxima and that defined by the local minima should be zero at any point [13].
We define the IMF if the intrinsic mode of oscillation satisfies two conditions: firstly that the number of the extrema and the number of the zero-crossings must either equal or differ at most by one in the whole dataset and, secondly, the mean value of the envelope defined by the local minima is zero at any point.
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