Sentence examples for values of offspring from inspiring English sources

To determine if the variability in measuring two-fold differences is independent of the problems associated with the choice of calibrators, we examined ΔCt values of offspring of a heterozygous line.

The absolute fitnesses of the four genotypes are φ 11 = 1 φ 21 = 1 + a t (1 + k 1 ) φ 12 = 1 + a t (1 + k 2 ) φ 22 = 1 + 2 a t and Relative fitnesses are shown in Table 5, along with the frequency of each genotype and average values of offspring before and after selection.

An effect of ovulation order on pre-hatching viability that offsets its effect on post-hatching viability should encourage a re-evaluation of the solitary role post-hatching viability often plays when researchers make assumptions about the value of offspring based on the order in which they are produced.

The evolutionary explanation for why organisms instead tend to age and die derives from the fact that the high reproductive value of offspring produced early in life weakens the relative strength of selection against deleterious mutations acting later in life.

Heywood (2005) defines G i j ∗ as the mean genotypic value of offspring from parent A iA j before selection, then sets δ = G ′ − G * and, after some algebra, restates (19) as Δ μ   = β G * G S + σ w G * G + σ w δ + E + E (G * − G ) (20)or, alternatively, Δ μ   = β G ′ G S + σ w G * G + σ w δ G + E + E (G * − G ) (21)(Heywood 2005).

The true genotypic values of the offspring were also calculated.

Afterwards they were mated randomly (10 dams per sire) and four sibs were obtained from each mating; the true genotypic values of the offspring were calculated.

The genetic trait values of an offspring were drawn at random from normal distributions with mean values given by the mid-parental genetic trait values and variances that equaled half the corresponding genetic variances in the initial population.

Direct and indirect breeding values of an offspring were simulated as the average breeding value of its parents plus a Mendelian sampling deviation, sampled from a bivariate normal distribution.

The observed mean and standard deviation of the estimated breeding values of the offspring were compared with the mean and standard deviation obtained from the simulation and correlations were computed.

Optimum contribution selection by maximizing gene diversity while constraining breeding values of the offspring or vice versa could eventually lead to the extinction of local breeds with historic migration because maximization of gene diversity or breeding values would be achieved by maximization of migrant contributions.