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PREF values are bound between 1 and −1, positive values indicating preference for and negative values avoidance of AM.
LI values are bound between 1 and −1, positive values indicating approach toward the reinforcer-paired odor (appetitive learning) and negative values avoidance from the reinforced odor (aversive learning).
The strategy is rather conservative: It values avoidance of mistaking what is a true social ecologic effect interwoven with a neurotoxicant more highly than the converse, which would represent a type II error.
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Although Islam advocates resistance in the face of aggression and allows the oppressed to defend their collective and individual dignity and human worth, there are also numerous references to compassion, moral standards, ethical values and avoidance of extremism in the Holy Qur'an.
In a previous study, those who valued pain relief and return to normal activities were more likely to choose surgery while those who valued surgery avoidance were less likely to choose surgery [ 28].
Statistical analyses of the FRAP value, passive avoidance test, and percent of time spent in target quarter of probe trial were performed using one-way ANOVA.
The findings indicate that the relationships in the proposed model are significant and moderated by users' cultural values, specifically uncertainty avoidance, individualism and time orientation.
We also identified non-use values related to avoidance of suffering, being able to further improve the welfare of dairy cows, the dairy farmer feeling good him/herself, ethical considerations, a feeling of doing the right thing, and animals eating properly (i.e. functioning as dairy cows should).
Furthermore, and as already stated, highly positive correlations between the Granger causality values and the avoidance factor of LSAS were only found in SAD patients, and were absent in the HC group.
Figure 5A is a bar plot of target avoidance values for different levels of microRNA abundance in the egg.
When i is a case, low values indicate cluster avoidance (e.g. a case surrounded by controls), and large values (near k) indicate a cluster of cases.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com