For Portugal, the importance of C&T-production gets evident more in its national economic structure, where the share of C&T-employment in total manufacturing employment in 1995 was 18.3 % and value-added generated in its C&T-industry accounted for 11.3%% in total manufacturing value-added generation.
But this is only the direct value-added in China's exports; Mr Anderson excludes the "indirect value-added" generated by exports.In order to produce exports, intermediate inputs must be used, and the production of these inputs creates the second round of value-added.
These reflect typical cost structures of individual RE technologies and serve as the basis for the calculation of the regional value-added generated by the respective technologies at each individual value-added step.
The overriding purpose of the comparative analysis of the regional value-added generated by RE in Germany and Japan has been to assess and test the transferability of the IÖW model to other countries.
During the period of 1995 and 2008, the share of high-income countries in total value-added generated by manufacturing industry declined from 74 to 56%%, and the share of Japan and the East Asian NIEs declined from 21 to 11%%.
To sum up, together with previous results our findings show that Italy compared to Portugal had a comparative advantage in the production of highly value added generating C&T-goods, which it could even extend.
Moreover, this regional block got more productive, signalizing that also the character of the C&T-goods which sourced from these two countries did change and C&T-production activities became slightly more value added generating and less labor-intensive.
For Italy our findings show that the production of labor-intensive C&T-goods was outsourced to other countries at a higher scale, whereas production activities of C&T-goods which are highly value added generating remained relatively more within the country.
Even if the direct C&T-value-added content of inflows increased, the direct C&T-value-added content of outflows from 1995 to 2009 accelerated at a higher level, which signalizes a growing specialization in C&T-trade of such goods the production of which is highly value added generating and requires relatively little labor.
In Korea, we have named such an environment, where value-added is generated from ideas, the Creative Economy.We aim to raise the employment rate from 64% to 70% in the next five years under the Creative Economy strategy.
Furthermore, from Eqs. (6) to (11), the value-added matrices generated indicate the total value-added content (direct or indirect) of the final goods exports between NAFTA members.
