The target value of the state variable is defined as the solution to the standard level set transport equation.
The government has made protecting pensioners' incomes a key plank of its tax and benefits policies, with the value of the state pension protected by a "triple lock".
The idea is that these will be invested and should grow to more than the value of the state provision people have given up.
The optimal control function for an open system is designed by taking the expectation value of the state under control reaching the target state as the performance indicator.
If the output is not a boundary value of the state, the backstepping approach is not directly applicable to obtaining an observer gain that stabilizes the error dynamics.
The only restriction to this result is that the internal forces are assumed to be a function of the instantaneous value of the state vector.
A generalized performance criterion is composed of a weighted sum of a linear combination of the (a) expected value of quadratic forms of state and control vectors, (b) quadratic forms of the expected value of the state vector, and (c) the linear component of the expected value of the state vector.
Raising the real value of the state pension, or maintaining benefits which help older people pay for heating, are welcome solutions but I would also like to see some innovative, long-term thinking which goes beyond the political cycle.
Others worry about the value of the state pension, guaranteed under EU law, but not post-Brexit, such as Sue Wilson, a leader of the Bremain in Spain campaign.
When her opponents noted that the value of the state pension fund she oversees had plummeted in recent months, voters looked at their own sagging mutual funds and decided it wasn't her fault.
The optimal solution is then obtained, online, by evaluating the profiles for a given value of the state variables and then choosing the minimum of the values corresponding to different profiles.
