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Probably the high value of the breeding stock and foals creates pressures, but also offers opportunities for veterinarians and stud managers to intensively manage, control and treat mares.
They have been crossed with superior breeds in order to improve the economic value of the breeding stock.
This ratio arises as the limiting value of the breeding ratio for a polygynous system where a single male has access to a female breeding population of infinite size [ 18].
Biased breeding values may not impact the response to selection in the next generation, but they can impact the long-term response to selection when the value of the breeding value is proportional to the number of genetic contributions that each individual is allowed to make to the next generation.
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The reason is that the breeding value of an individual can be considered as a combination of the breeding value of its parents and a Mendelian sampling term.
The experimental design used here gives an estimate of the breeding value of a gamete, while a half-sib design provides estimates based on the breeding value of an individual [ 39, 40].
Genomic selection (GS) allows estimation of the breeding value of individuals, even for non-phenotyped animals.
Vector ε is a vector of uncorrelated random normal pseudo-errors ("pseudo", because they include Mendelian sampling effects of the daughters and part of the breeding value of the mates).
For any phenotype of interest, the deviation of the hemiclone family mean from the population mean phenotype gives a direct estimate of the breeding value of a gamete.
For instance, on one hand, the CD of the breeding value of a single animal (i.e. its reliability) is obtained by using a vector c' null except a 1 in the appropriate position corresponding to this breeding value.
Different dairy cattle breeding schemes were compared using stochastic simulations, in which the accuracy of the genomic breeding values was dependent on the structure of the breeding scheme, through the availability of new genotyped animals with phenotypic information.
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