Sentence examples for value of offspring from inspiring English sources

An effect of ovulation order on pre-hatching viability that offsets its effect on post-hatching viability should encourage a re-evaluation of the solitary role post-hatching viability often plays when researchers make assumptions about the value of offspring based on the order in which they are produced.

The evolutionary explanation for why organisms instead tend to age and die derives from the fact that the high reproductive value of offspring produced early in life weakens the relative strength of selection against deleterious mutations acting later in life.

Heywood (2005) defines G i j ∗ as the mean genotypic value of offspring from parent A iA j before selection, then sets δ = G ′ − G * and, after some algebra, restates (19) as Δ μ   = β G * G S + σ w G * G + σ w δ + E + E (G * − G ) (20)or, alternatively, Δ μ   = β G ′ G S + σ w G * G + σ w δ G + E + E (G * − G ) (21)(Heywood 2005).

To determine if the variability in measuring two-fold differences is independent of the problems associated with the choice of calibrators, we examined ΔCt values of offspring of a heterozygous line.

The absolute fitnesses of the four genotypes are φ 11 = 1 φ 21 = 1 + a t (1 + k 1 ) φ 12 = 1 + a t (1 + k 2 ) φ 22 = 1 + 2 a t and Relative fitnesses are shown in Table 5, along with the frequency of each genotype and average values of offspring before and after selection.

The polygenic value of the offspring was calculated as: Where aoffspring is the Mendelian sampling term for the offspring and was randomly sampled from a Normal distribution of mean 0 and variance, where t denotes the generation.

If the fitness value of the offspring is worse than the desired value and is not in tabu list, the offspring will also be accepted.

Born at low spring densities into the prospect of increasing summer densities, the value of an offspring and its contribution to the increasing population is larger than that of an offspring born in a high population density with a low chance to contribute to a decreasing population [ 4].

The expected genetic value of the offspring of any pair of focal plants is the interparental mean, and the variance among those offspring is the segregation variance,.

Thus, strategic answers to predation risk should be evaluated according to the actual state of an animal and its offspring, reflecting on distinct stages in life history and reproductive cycle as well as the reproductive value of the offspring.

This also illustrates the value of treating offspring phenotype, like fitness, as a random variable.