The fees are roughly based on a formula developed in the mid-1980s to quantify the value of doctors' work.
This inevitably distorts the value of doctors as well as drugs and medical materials (Zhu 2007, 2011; Blumenthal and Hsiao 2015).
The first stage regression is essentially the same as Eq. 13 with y ijt representing the realised value of doctors' propensity to stay in the health care job market.
Calculating the Kappa value of doctors agreeing with the AEP criteria, we found a kappa of 0.29 (p < 0.0001).
Under the domain of individual-level factors, items from previous scales assessing patients' attitudes and beliefs including value of doctors, value of health care and value of good health [ 15] were reworded based on Australian health system and language.
Second, increasing charges for healthcare may be useful to increase hospital revenue, to reflect the value of doctors' expertise and to improve their self-value and morale.
The scale names were changed from "value of doctors" to "value of GPs", from "value of health care" to "Attitudes towards health care", while "value of good health" was left unchanged.
Therefore the value of doctors participating in CME activities and receiving credits for them is universally accepted and non-controversial [ 7].
They included: (1) concerns about availability of and accessibility to health care [ 27, 28]; (2) perceived interpersonal care [ 29, 30]; (3) value of health care, (4) value of doctors and (5) value of good health [ 21]; and (6) social support [ 31- 33].
At the end of the first series, Abi Grant of The Daily Telegraph wrote: "With the debate about the future of children's TV still rumbling on, this is what the BBC does best, and despite lacking the production values of Doctor Who, it's still top tea-time programming".
