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As Fig. 6 shows, the value added created by China is much lower than other countries'.
Regional outflows of value added created in the international segment of GVCs (VOI) are extremely small for all regions.
Bonnet and Zohra (2015), using a model of Draganska et al. (2010), observe that value added created by organic label in the French fluid milk market helped to balance bargaining power along the supply chain.
This, together with the bargaining power of the focal company and its capacity to retain large shares of the total value added created in the chain, allows for making significant investments in marketing and especially in reputation (for strengthening retail brand loyalty) and innovation (basically to catch-up with large processors) (Table 1) (Galizzi and Venturini 1999).
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This can help us understand how value added is created across both regional and national borders.
A new publication by Kaplinsky (2013) describes how value added is created in the course of an Apple iPhone production.
Most empirical results shown in the previous section helped us better understand how global production is fragmented and extended across China and Japan's domestic regions, as well as how value added is created and distributed in both domestic and international segments of GVCs.
Demand for value added services creates significant revenue opportunities for operators that decide to open their networks to external service providers.
Even the USA supply to China more components (in value terms) than the value added China creates by assembling the end product.
In our case, the value added service is created by the bioinformatician and packaged as a virtual machine.
Results of the ELAS calculator contain accumulated energy demand, ecological footprint (calculated with the SPI method) [42], CO2 life cycle emissions and regional economic impact (turn over, value added, imports, jobs created or lost) of the settlements.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com