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By employing the idea of generalized truth value functions, one can obtain a hierarchy of valuation systems starting with a certain set-theoretic representation of the valuation system for classical logic.
Now, these elements can be interpreted as Frege's the True and the False, and thus it is possible to construct a valuation system for classical logic, V∅cl = ⟨, {f∧, f∨, f→, f∼}⟩, where the functions f∧, f∨, f→, f∼ are defined as follows (for X, Y ∈ : f∧ X, Y) = X∩Y; f∨ X, Y) = X∪Y; f→ X, Y) = (−X)∪Y; f∼(X) = −X.
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Policy recommendations are provided and include the need for skepticism in long-term projections, avoiding picking specific technology winners, and the need for enhanced valuation systems for environmental externalities.
Thus, any entailment relation defined for a given valuation system V presents an important example of a consequence relation, in that V is strictly characteristic for some logical system L with a structural Tarskian consequence relation.
Since the cardinality of V may be greater than 2, the notion of a valuation system provides a natural foundational framework for the very idea of a many-valued logic.
Then, by taking the set 2 = {F, T} of these classical values as the basic set for the next valuation system, one obtains the four truth values of Belnap's logic as the power-set of the set of classical values P(2) = 4: N = ∅, F = {F}, T = {T} and B = {F, T}.
The set D of designated values is of central importance for the notion of a valuation system.
Conversely, one says that L is characterized by V. Thus, if a valuation system is said to determine a logic, the valuation system by itself is, properly speaking, not a logic, but only serves as a semantic basis for some logical system.
This "valuation system" does not only code the stimuli's immediate relevance, i.e. the reward value, but also their long-term value for the organism.
Rather, it is the result of a dysfunctional reward valuation system.
Computerized valuation systems have the potential to shave millions of dollars nationwide off the costs of home ownership each year, but appraisers argue that they are a shortcut filled with potential potholes for homeowners.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com