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But in neither case a measure of moral valuation is given by economic, or more generally, scientific theory.
Recall that a non-Archimedean (or ultrametric) valuation is given by a map | ⋅ | from a field K into [ 0, ∞ ) such that for all r, s ∈ K, (i) | r | = 0 if and only if r = 0 ; (ii) | r s | = | r | | s | ; (iii) | r + s | ≤ max { | r |, | s | }. .
Similar(58)
While investor worries about frothy valuations is giving pause to some companies in the technology and biotech sectors, companies in other industries are still forging ahead, betting that there will be enough demand for their stock.
Perhaps the most famous bubble for startups was the dot.com craze that crashed 15 years ago, where the highest valuations were given to companies with massive user growth, but minimal revenue or profit.
A slightly more detailed elaboration on the features of this valuation approach is given in Remark 9.
Harder to swallow is Given's valuation.
Early on in the life cycle of a venture-backed startup, the company is given a valuation from investors.
A priced seed round is much like any other round of funding in that the company is given a valuation, and shares in the company are purchased for cash by investors at a price determined by that valuation.
Nearly every stock market valuation indicator is giving the same reading: stocks are currently at levels that preceded other major historic busts.
Nine months ago she put the apartment on the market for €265,000 based on the valuation she was given, but has since had to drop the price to €220,000.
Of course, if all three terms appearing in (74) (that is: the full price, the clean price, and the total valuation adjustment) are given by solutions to particular linear BSDEs, then it is possible to argue that decomposition (74) can be formally justified.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com