However, given that single items have much less capacity to represent constructs of interest and to measure PHC attributes validly, we believe that basing our study on subscales provided more insight into the real coverage of attributes.
To use McCain's example, suppose that Sally believes that p and that p ⊃ q ("p implies q"), and validly infers, and thereby comes to believe, that q.
However, Kreisel noted the combination to be "ined"., indicating that he did not believe the name to be validly published, according to article 34.1 of the rules for botanical nomenclature, which states: "A name is not validly published... when it is not accepted by the author in the original publication".
For example, knowledge that \(Y\) can be validly inferred from \(X\) does not license one to believe \(Y\) if one believes \(X\); it may be more rational to abandon one's belief in \(X\), or to take up a sceptical position towards both \(X\) and \(Y\) (see Harman 1984).
From the fact that you believe that George W. Bush is the current U.S. President, we cannot validly infer that you believe that the eldest son of Reagan's vice-president is the current U.S. President.
We also have found in that the coding of bicyclist vs. pedestrian injuries varies sufficiently across jurisdictions that combining the two modes of travel may introduce measurement error (DiMaggio and Li 2013) and believe the secondary analysis of administratively collected data to be too crude an instrument to validly separate pedestrian from bicyclist injuries.
Believe what they believe.
She also believes q ⊃ t, and validly infers t from her beliefs that q and q ⊃ t.
This argument has also been criticized as being too permissive and as constituting in effect a license for wishful believing, but its basic principle can perhaps be validly used in the context of basing beliefs upon one's religious experience.
Nor can existential generalization always be validly applied to sentences reporting beliefs, since from the fact that John believes that angels have wings, it does not follow that there are things such that John believes of them that they have wings.
They dismissed tickets that were probably validly issued".
